The francis turbine or reverse running pump was the earliest used erd for desalination fig. The runner is completely enclosed that is it is air tight. When analysing the performance of axial turbines, we assumed, by way of a simplification, a. The kaplan turbine runner has 38 blades while francis turbine runner has. Formulae for the basic dimensions of turbine parts are well documented and a highly. Parametrical and theoretical design of a francis turbine runner with the help of computational fluid dynamics. A wide variety of parts of francis turbine options are available to you, there are 56 suppliers who sells parts of francis turbine on, mainly located in asia. What is the difference between kaplan and francis turbines. Set the brake at some level and measure the brake load using. Wr2product of the weight of revolving parts and the square of the radius of gyration ygammaspecific weight of water. This turbine is used for medium heads with medium discharge. As a first in japan, two splitterbladefitted runners were installed in the francis turbines at the ontake power station of the kansai. It is a spiral type of casing that has decreasing cross section area.
Steam turbines are widely used for combined heat and power chp applications in the united states and europe. Water particle water from spiral casing r a d i a l r a d a l runner guide ivanes runner guide vanes v i e w v e w andi stay vanes and stay vanes 16. Complete francis turbine flow simulation for the whole range of. Hydraulic turbines and hydroelectric power plants 1. A widely used method is to dismantle the main parts downwards and then lift them up on the floor in the machine hall by using the main crane in the power station. In kaplan turbine water enters axially and leaves axially, while in francis turbine water enters the runner radially and exits axially. A wide variety of francis turbine parts options are available to you, there are 58 suppliers who sells francis turbine parts on, mainly located in asia. A brief discussion on a the design philosophy during the last 60 years with will be presented. The kaplan turbine is a propellertype water turbine which has adjustable blades. Water flows though a spiral case with decreasing section to enter radial the turbine runner.
Polishing of the various under water parts of the turbines once in a year to minimize the white pitting. Francis turbine operating in sedimentladen river projects, the frequency of repair and maintenance of underwater parts are comparatively high, resulting increase the outage time of the machine. Pdf erosive wear of turbine components has been a major technical and. A turbine is a turbomachine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. The water shoots out of the nozzle and hits a bucket which rotates a shaft. The francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by james b. The turbine casing, with the runner fully immersed in water, must be strong enough to withstand the operating pressure. Francis turbine is used for the production of electricity in hydro power stations. Therefore, use of these proposed methods must be based on sound engineering judgment.
The extent of the work required during an overhaul will depend a great deal on operating conditions such as water quality and how the unit was loaded. Kaplan turbine is an axial reaction flow turbine and has adjustable blades if water flows parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft, the turbine is known as the axial flow turbine and if the head of the inlet of the turbine is the sum of pressure energy and kinetic energy during the flow of water through a runner a part of pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy, the. Steam turbine basic parts mechanical engineering site. Francis turbine spiral casing draft tube cone governing ring guide vanes stay vanes runner labyrinth. In impulse turbine all the energy converted into kinetic energy. With about 60% of the global hydropower capacity in the world, francis turbines are the most widely used type of hydro turbine. Introduction to francis turbine diagram, working principle the francis turbine is mixed flow reaction turbine. Francis turbine its components, working and application. Turbines that operate in this way are called reaction turbines. It was designed by american scientist james francis. In both the cases hydraulic energy of water gets converted into useful power output. The main idea is to assume steady state uniform conditions. Parametrical and theoretical design of a francis turbine. Parts of a gas turbine, popularly called as jet engine.
Francis turbine working principle, main parts, diagram and. Throughout its length, it has numerous openings at regular intervals to allow the working fluid to impinge on the blades of the runner. Pelton turbine nozzle materials parts that are exposed for water stainless steel c 4r ni 16c 5r ni. In the case of the splitterbladefitted runner, since.
So runner blades of mixed flow turbine can be divided into two parts, the upper part of the blades use the reaction force of water flowing through it and the lower half is in the shape of a small bucket using the impulse action of water flowing through it. Losses in francis turbines hydraulic efficiency % output energy output % friction losses between runner and covers friction losses. View francis turbine ppts online, safely and virusfree. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. Another purpose of the lab is to check turbine scaling laws. Alternatively, the more expensive kaplan turbine has variablepitch blades which can be altered to give much better partload efficiency, perhaps 90% at one third of full rated output. Bottom halfif all the nozzles are contained in the top half, then the bottom half is subject to steam at wheel case pressure and temperature only and can therefore be made of cast iron.
The kaplan turbine was an evolution of the francis turbine. Gas turbines as a whole system has a axial compressor at the inlet. Our francis turbines, including the worlds largest and most powerful. Francis turbine is a combination of both impulse and reaction turbine, where the blades rotate using both reaction and impulse force of water flowing. Francis turbine operating in sedimentladen river projects, the frequency of repair and maintenance of underwater parts are comparatively high, resulting increase the outage time of. Introduction to turbine machinery univerza v ljubljani.
In siapro we have 20 years of experience and numerous references in the field of design and implementation of small hydro power plants and water turbines pelton, kaplan, francis. Abstract the aim for turbine design is to increase the efficiency and avoid cavitation and fractures during operation. The parts in question are the runner, lower cover and the labyrinth rings. Examples losses in francis turbines npsh main dimensions. From the beginning, francis turbine development has always been synonymous with voith. When analysing the performance of axial turbines, we assumed, by way of a simplification, a given stator outlet angle. Francis and kaplan turbines belong to this category.
In this lesson, i will discuss the parts, working, efficiency, advantages, disadvantages of a francis turbine, and also give you the pdf. Practical application of highperformance francisturbine runner fitted with splitter blades at ontake and shinkurobegawa no. May 05, 2015 most modern passenger and military aircraft are powered by gas turbine engines, which are also called jet engines. Runner and along with diffuser absorb water water energy transforming it into rotation. Specificspeed application according to the approximation for past data 1, the relationship between the ratio of runner outlet diameter of a normal francis turbine d2 and runnerblade inlet diameter d1 and specific speed ns is plotted in fig. What is a turbine a turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fast moving flow of water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid and converts it into useful work. Runner geometry is more complex than the other parts of the.
Simulating fluid flow through different turbine components separately is today standard proce dure. Francis turbine is one of the most widely used turbine s. The top countries of suppliers are china, pakistan, from which the percentage of francis turbine manufacturers supply is 98%, 1% respectively. Parametrical and theoretical design of a francis turbine runner with the help of computational fluid dynamics ayancik, fatma, celebioglu, kutay and aradag, selin author for correspondence department of mechanical engineering, tobb university of economics and technology, sogutozu avenue 43, sogutozu, ankara, 06560, turkey. Differences between francis and kaplan turbines mech4study. This research was based on cfd method and had three main parts. Water enters the runner and flows towards the centre of wheel in the radial direction and leaves parallel to the axis of the turbine. Francis turbines are the most commonly used hydro turbines. A francis turbine is a type of turbine used most frequently in medium or largescale hydroelectric plants. Additionally, these turbines are beneficial as they work equally well when positioned horizontally as they do when they are oriented vertically. There have been numerous causes of steam turbine failures worldwide.
Kaplan turbine its components, working and application. A wide variety of francis turbine manufacturers options are available to you, there are 9 suppliers who sells francis turbine manufacturers on, mainly located in asia. Jul 24, 20 working of francis turbine is explained in this video in a step by step logical manner, with help of animation. The francis turbine is a mixedflow radial turbine and is used for medium heads in the range from 5 to 400 m. They operate in a water head from 40 to 600 m to 2,000 ft and are used primarily for electrical power. Design, performance and maintenance of francis turbines. A discussion on stress analyses and fatigue problems of pressure loaded parts and high frequency fatigue in runners, will be presented. Francis turbine had some limitations which were overcome by kaplan turbine. Kaplan turbine spiral casing runner guide vanes stay vanes draft tube cone. Francis turbine is the first hydraulic turbine with radial inflow. Analyzing mathematical and software methods for selecting and. Gap losses friction losses in the spiral casing and stay vanes guide vane losses.
Francis turbines are hydro turbines with widest range of application featured with high efficiency, selflubricating bearings with higher specifications and ecofriendly applicable for dam based projects. These turbines can be used for heads as low as 2 meters and as high as 300 meters. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. These criteria and formulae are based on work undertaken by siervo. Proper assembly design of turbine provides the flexibility during repair and maintenance of turbine parts, and contributes to increase the reliability of. The top countries of supplier is china, from which the percentage of parts of francis turbine supply is 100% respectively. Maintenance and overhaul of steam turbines wgp42 05. On this page we have a computer model of a basic turbojet engine which you can animate by using the buttons below the picture.
The wheel is immersed and operates both the water velocity kinetic energy, that a pressure difference. The francis turbine is a type of inwardflowing reaction turbine. It is developed in 19 by the austrian professor viktor kaplan. Kaplan turbine and francis turbine pdfcomponents, working. In order for the overhaul to proceed smoothly and to. Jet engines come in a variety of shapes and sizes but all jet engines have certain parts in common.
Difference between kaplan and francis turbine compare. Introduction periodically, all hydroelectric generators require a major overhaul. Francis turbine working principle, main parts, diagram and application january 23. Water turbine pelton wheel, francis turbine, kaplan turbine gas turbine steam turbine turbines classification contd impulse turbine all available head of water is converted into kinetic energy or velocity head in a nozzle. Pdf assembly design of francis turbine from maintenance. A reaction turbine is a type of turbine in which the working fluid comes to the turbine under great pressure and the energy is extracted by the turbine blades from the working fluid generally water unlike pelton turbine in which all the. In francis turbine water flow is radial into the turbine and exits the turbine axially. Hydraulic turbineshydraulic turbines raven mechanical. Archived from the original pdf on 28 september 2011. Parts and its functions of wind turbine gear wind turbine. It is an inwardflow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. Hydraulic turbine turbine is hydraulic machine which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.
Practical application of highperformance francisturbine. The francis turbine is a laboratoryscale reaction turbine for use with tecquipments digital hydraulic bench h1f, available separately. Francis turbine is a combination of both impulse and reaction turbine, where the blades rotate using both reaction and impulse force of water flowing through them producing electricity more efficiently. Medium head turbine modern francis turbine high head turbine pelton wheel. The turbine is located between the highpressure water source and the lowpressure water exit, usually at the base of a. Thermal power plants steam turbine components and systems r. Therefore, in this article, we can discuss both the kaplan turbine and reaction turbine so that we can complete the session of hydraulic turbines. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. A francis turbine consists of the following main parts. T his monograph presents procedures for stress analysis of parts for reaction tur bines.
The principal feature of a reaction turbine that distinguishes it from an impulse turbine is that only a part of the total head available at the inlet to the turbine is converted to velocity head, before the runner is reached. The spiral casing around the runner of the turbine is known as the volute casing or scroll case. Water pressure decreases as it passes through the turbine imparting reaction on the turbine blades making the turbine rotate. Francis turbine design, the performance improvement was demonstrated 12. Give example for a low head, medium head and high head turbine. Hte engineering and its partners have provided hundreds of francis turbines all over the world, ranging in size from 145 kw to 750 mw. The spiral casing around the runner of the turbine is known as. Its invention allowed efficient power production in low head applications that were not possible with francis turbine. Design analysis of parts of francis turbine design analysis of parts of francis turbine p m v subbarao professor mechanical engineering department provision of features to blend some. Francis turbines hydro turbines manufacturers and suppliers. Dimensions of the outlet g a u b u g u b g c npsh a m r. This video explains the technical points of francis turbines in plain english.
Francis turbine is a combination of both impulse and reaction turbine, where. Estimating reversible pump turbine characteristics untted states department of the interior bureau of reclamatlon. A brief discussion on a the design philosophy during the last 60. The francis turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine which was designed and developed by the american engineer james b. Main parts of francis turbines francis turbine reaction turbine. In this type of turbine at inlet is in the form of both kinetic as well as pressure energy. This type of turbine is located in the old lowhead installations less than10 m where they are generally in. L argesized francis turbine s are commonly used at hydraulic head range of 20700m. Siapro hydroelectricity plants implementation, water. Frequent inspections are particularly important during the initial period for operation of a new turbine or new runner, as they will enable cavitation damage to be detected at an early stage and remedial measures to be effected before pitting becomes extensive.
Francis turbine consists more complex parts than pelton turbine. The main purpose of this lab is to measure the power output of a francis turbine and to compare this to the theoretical power output. The francis turbine is a reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine, giving up its energy. The invention of kaplan turbine is evolution in the field of hydraulic turbines or we can say that it is the upgrade version of francis turbine. Hydraulic turbines fundamental operating parameters classification impulse turbines pelton turbines reaction turbines radial flow. These are called the combustion section and hot gas path parts, and they include combustion liners, end caps, fuel nozzle assemblies, crossfire tubes, transition. The turbine has a sturdy base which sits on the top of the hydraulic bench. With decades of continuous optimization based on the latest hydrodynamic research, well over half the turbines manufactured by voith hydro are of the francis type. Furthermore the turbine bearing should be easily removable. The turbine connects to the pumped supply of the hydraulic bench.
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